How much does it cost to take the P?

Proceedings

Background

• Why P removal?

• Present and future P removal needs

• Why future needs are tighter (WFD/EA limits) P Removal Solutions

• Standard but bigger?

• Enhanced processes

• Catchment Balancing? AMP6 – Tried and tested

• CAPEX per PE

• OPEX per PE Review of other Technologies CAPEX cost ratios for other technologies

• Against standardised deep bed sand filter technology Summary • Chart showing P range 1.0 – 0.1 mg/l with technologies and costs comparison

Why take the P?

Nutrients (e.g. nitrates and phosphates) discharged into water courses results in eutrophication:

• rapid growth of plant species, typically algae and plankton  “algal blooms”

• depletion of oxygen as the biomass dies and decomposes • sedimentation and/or stratification of nutrients within the water body

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Proceedings